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Many species of birds have behavioral attributes that aid in their survival: the common raven, Corvus corax, is no exception. Ravens are social birds of high intelligence. They are able to perform complex tasks when first given to them. When…

Dam removal on Great Lakes tributaries may open headwaters to colonization by non-native salmonids. The effects of these introductions on resident stream communities, specifically native cold water fishes, are unclear but should be determined to…